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The National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) organised the regional launch of the AIIB Flagship Report titled, “Moonshots for the Emerging World: Building State Capacity and Mobilising the Private Sector toward Net Zero”, on 8 December 2022, at the Tamarind Hall, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi.

Dr Erik Berglöf, Chief Economist, AIIB, presented the key findings of the report. The main context of the report was that net zero transmission across the world is not happening fast enough, especially because of the persistently large fossil fuel footprints of the emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs), and the slow adoption of green technology. He flagged the following net zero moonshots during his presentation:

• There is a need to build the capacity of the State-owned institutions to transform them into leaders.
• The private sector must be encouraged to participate in the transition to net zero but under the right atmosphere.
• The adoption of green technology is the need of the hour to fight the challenge of climate change in the backdrop of the Paris Agreement.
• The implementation of a meaningful carbon price should be accompanied by mission-driven coordination to ensure a smooth transition to net zero.

Dr Berglöf’s presentation was followed by a panel discussion, moderated by Mr Subhamoy Bhattacharjee, Senior Adjunct Fellow, RIS, and Consulting Editor at Business Standard. The panellists included Professor Purnamita Dasgupta, Chair in Environmental Economics and Head, Environmental and Resource Economics Unit, Institute of Economic Growth (IEG); Dr Laveesh Bhandari, Senior Fellow, Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP); and Mr Rahul Bharti, Executive Director (Corporate Affairs), Maruti Suzuki.

The panel discussion was followed by the Keynote Address delivered by Mr Suman Bery, Vice-Chairman, NITI Aayog. This session was chaired by Dr Bornali Bhandari, Senior Fellow, NCAER.

In his keynote speech, Mr Bery highlighted the importance of complementing domestic efforts noted in the AIIB Report with the enhanced flow of external finance on reasonable terms, which is a central theme of India’s G20 Presidency.

Profiles of Panellists

Suman Bery is currently Vice Chairperson, NITI Aayog, in the rank and status of a Cabinet Minister. An experienced policy economist and research administrator, he has been a Senior Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi; a Global Fellow in the Asia Programme of the Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars in Washington D.C.; and a non-resident fellow at Bruegel, an economic policy research institution in Brussels. From early 2012 till mid-2016, Mr Bery was Royal Dutch Shell’s global Chief Economist based in The Hague. Before his appointment at Shell, he served as Director-General of the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER). He has earlier served as member of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council; of India’s Statistical Commission; and of the Reserve Bank of India’s Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy.

Erik Berglöf is the inaugural Chief Economist at the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). He sets the vision and strategy for the Economics Department and leads the planning, implementation, and supervision of its work plan in support of the Bank’s mandate. Prior to joining AIIB in September 2020, he was Director of the Institute of Global Affairs, London School of Economics, and Chief Economist of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development from 2006 to 2015, where he helped create and co-led the Vienna Initiative, a European crisis response team credited with mitigating the impact of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. He is an expert in transition economics and institutional transformation through private sector development. He holds a PhD in Financial Economics and an MA in Business and Economics, both from the Stockholm School of Economics.

Subhomoy Bhattacharjee is Consulting Editor at the Business Standard newspaper. He is also Senior Adjunct Fellow (energy sector) at RIS, a think tank which works closely with the Ministries of External Affairs, Finance, and Commerce. He is also Faculty at OP Jindal Global University, where he teaches Economics. He has worked in the Indian Information Service of the Government of India (through the civil services examination), and leading newspapers, including The Economic Times, The Indian Express, and The Financial Express.

Bornali Bhandari is a Senior Fellow at NCAER with a background in international economics and macroeconomics, specifically focusing on the impact of globalisation on development. Currently, she is engaged in a number of industry studies, covering automobiles, farm mechanisation, and digitisation. Her wider research interests include analysis of skilling from a 3-E perspective (education, employability and employment); e-Governance, infrastructure, particularly the roads and ICT sectors; G-20 issues like climate change financing and reserve currency; FDI and trade-related issues. She also oversees the production of the NCAER Quarterly Business Expectations Surveys. She has received her doctorate degree from University of Oregon, Eugene, USA.

Laveesh Bhandari is a Senior Fellow at Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP) and Chief Economist at Indicus Foundation. He leads the climate change capability at CSEP and also plays an advisory role on the broad macro agenda, sub-national reform, and human capital. Laveesh has published widely on subjects related to sustainable livelihoods, industrial, economic and social reforms in India, economic geography, and financial inclusion. He has taught economics in Boston University and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi. He has been the Managing Editor of Journal of Emerging Market Finance, and earlier worked at National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi. Currently, he is conducting research on issues of inclusion, India’s energy transition, and how it will impact the government as well as the economy. He received his PhD in Economics from Boston University, for which he was awarded the Best thesis in International Economics.

Rahul Bharti is Executive Director (Corporate Affairs), and Chief Investor Relations Officer at Maruti Suzuki. He also holds the offices of Chairman, International Relations and Trade Policy, Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM); Chief Engagement Officer, SIAM; Member, International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA or Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles), the Global Auto Industry Association; and Member, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Haryana State Council.He is  a Gold Medallist from (now) Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, with more than 28 years of experience at Maruti Suzuki across vendor development, new product development, and corporate affairs.

Purnamita Dasgupta is Chair Professor and Head of the Environmental Economics Unit, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi. Her research and teaching focus on the relationship between environment and economic development, in the context of climate change, health, and environmental sustainability.  She has been Visiting Professor at the University of Cambridge, UK, and Johns Hopkins University, USA. She is an author with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, International Panel on Social Progress and the Himalayan Mountain Assessment.  She has been associated with several Government committees related to setting standards, compensations, economic valuation, and accounting for the environment in India. Purnamita is currently a member of the Task Group for preparation of India’s Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions Development Strategy. She has published widely in books and international journals, and serves on several international Editorial Boards and review committees.

Somya Mathur is an Associate Fellow at NCAER. She is working on CGE models. Previously, she has worked with Infinite Sum Modelling Inc., USA; Pune International Center on Climate Change Impacts; and the Ministry of Panchayati Raj. Her domain areas include trade and climate change. She has a Masters in Economics from the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune.

Anil K. Sharma is Secretary to the Governing Body and Operations Director at NCAER. He has held several positions at NCAER after joining in 1992, including as the Officiating Director General in May-June 2021. He has also been the NABARD Chair Professor at NCAER; Visiting Researcher at the International Trade Division, The World Bank, Washington D.C., USA; Consultant to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris; Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome; and, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Manila; and a Post-Doctoral Fellow at Research Institute for Agricultural Economics, Budapest, Hungary. His main areas of research include: The WTO Agreement on Agriculture, Economic and Policy Reforms in Agriculture, Price Policy and Price Stabilization Mechanisms, Rural Credit, Rural Infrastructure, and Rural Poverty. He advised the Ministry of Commerce and Industry on trade negotiations in agriculture under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, and has been a member of several government and industry committees and task forces. He received his MSc and PhD in Agricultural Economics from the Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University.

The National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) and India International Centre (IIC) organised an insightful, expert commentary, and a lively debate on “The Mid-Year Review of the Indian Economy, 2022-23” on November 5, 2022, at IIC. The NCAER Mid-Year Review (MYR) carries forward the tradition started by Dr Malcolm Adiseshiah at the IIC in 1976 through Malcolm and Elizabeth Adiseshiah Trust.

The NCAER macro team led by NCAER Director General, Dr Poonam Gupta and IEPF Chair Professor, Dr Mridul Saggar, presented an analysis of the current economic situation and developments pertaining to the economy during the financial year 2022-23 so far and likely near term outlook.

Professor Arvind Panagariya, Columbia University and Visiting Distinguished Professor at NCAER, chaired the session. Mr Amitabh Kant, India’s G20 Sherpa and Dr V. Anantha Nageswaran, Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India, discussed the MYR. 

Following are the highlights of NCAER’s Mid-Year Review of the Indian economy for the fiscal year 2022-23:

Global Outlook:

• On the global front, a slowdown is a certainty, and there are concomitant risks of a recession in the Euro Area and the US next year.

• The projected global growth for the next few years till 2026 is pegged at 3.7 per cent while the corresponding figures are 2.4 per cent for the Advanced Economies and 4.5 per cent for the Emerging Markets and Developing Economies.
• The world over, inflation has surged to a 26-year high, catching central banks behind the curve, and their response has been seen in aggressive synchronous monetary policy tightening this year.

Economic Outlook for India:

• NCAER’s economic outlook for India is based on an analysis of key high-frequency indicators. Of these, a majority of the indicators, including tax collection; sales of automobiles and tractors; credit growth; mobility of air and rail traffic; platform-based employment indicators; bond yields; exports of services; and the Purchasing Manager’s Index (PMI), have shown buoyancy.
• On the other hand, two indicators, viz., the exports of goods and non-FDI capital flows have shown a weakening.
• Of some concern is the rise in inflation, especially in the prices of food, particularly vegetables, and the rise in oil prices. Inflation has, in fact, exceeded the upper range of the target for several months and has averaged at 7.2 per cent during the current fiscal year, until September 2022.
• The bank credit scenario offers some scope for optimism. Gross Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) too have declined to 5.3 per cent in 2022-23 from 5.9 per cent in 2021-22.
• The fiscal tracker shows that fiscal outcomes for the year 2022-23 are on track. The Central Government has already collected more than 50 per cent of the budgeted receipts for the year till the end of Q2 of 2022-23, and has incurred less than 50 per cent of the budgeted expenditure for the year during the same period. As a result, it has so far recorded only 38 per cent of the fiscal deficit budgeted for the year. This indicates that the Government is on target to control the fiscal deficit, going forward.
• Overall, the long term fiscal math is, however, sticky. While both tax and non-tax revenue have been growing slowly, the revenue expenditure stands at 24.7 per cent of GDP for the current year. Meanwhile, capital expenditure has been growing but continues to remain small at about 4.6 per cent of GDP in 2022-23.
• Public debt is expected to decline very slowly unless the economy grows at a faster rate. Consequently, the fiscal space will remain constrained.
• There have, however, been a number of positive developments, including the introduction of GST; expansion of the tax base; ensuring better tax compliance and greater transparency; and the shift toward capital expenditure.
• The outlook of the financial markets is also favourable. While bond yields have been anchored, India’s equity markets have outperformed global and emerging markets.
• Developments in the external sector and their implications for India’s economic outlook are particularly important because of the global context which will influence our Balance of Payments position.
• Exports have grown very well in the last 15 months but we have seen some softening of that momentum in the last 2-3 months. This will have some impact as India has not decoupled from the global trade outlook. In fact, only a handful of countries, most notably Vietnam (which has made significant gains in exports), have bucked the global trend in this sphere. Our services exports are resilient to the global slowdown in trade but our merchandise exports have been vulnerable to the slowdown.
• The oil price channel has so far had a major impact on India’s growth figures. While the oil price initially increased to about $100 earlier this year, it eventually settled at about $90-95. The World Bank has projected oil price at $92 next year, and the Indian economy is expected to be resilient to this figure. Significantly, the importance of oil prices for the Indian economy will continue to decline as we improve energy efficiency, which will also make the economy quite robust.
• As regards the capital flows, FDI flows are stable but portfolio flows are volatile, with the outflows from India amounting to about $35 billion in the last one year. India is doing well in attracting FDI, but can do even better.
• India receives capital inflows of about $75 billion a year, as per the last five-year average, which include FDI, portfolio flows, NRI deposits, and external commercial borrowings. There is still a current account deficit of about $30 billion a year.
• This year, capital inflows are expected to be smaller and the current account deficit would be larger, resulting in a net balance of payments gap of about $40-50 billion.

Summary of the MYR Findings:

• In conclusion, it may be summarised that the Indian economy is showing growth and resilience during the year, despite an unprecedented grim global environment.
• However, the Indian economy is routinely subjected to shocks such as global demand shocks, capital flow volatility shocks, oil price shocks, and vegetable price shocks.
• Building resilience to these shocks would thus enable the Indian economy to grow in a more stable fashion.
• Some of this resilience, at least on the capital account side, can be a part of the G-20 agenda.

During the discussion, the Chair, Professor Arvind Panagariya noted, “My forecast for growth of the Indian economy for the year 2022-23 would be about 8 per cent. This is because during the first quarter of the year, we have already achieved a growth figure of 13.5 per cent of GDP. In order to achieve a growth of 8 per cent, we need to touch a total of 32 per cent for the four quarters of the year, and having achieved 13.5 per cent in the first quarter, we need to achieve a total of 18.5 per cent in the remaining three quarters, which is absolutely doable. ”     

Reflecting on the economic indicators during the year and the concomitant analysis in NCAER’s MYR, Mr Amitabh Kant suggested, “All our high-frequency indicators, as also reflected in the NCAER MYR, are robust and underscore the resilience of the Indian economy. The two important indicators that need attention and a response are rising commodity prices and depreciating currency in the face of the strengthening of the US dollar.” He also said, “We have achieved success in many areas, especially in manufacturing, and now we need to focus on the sunrise sectors and the green transition sectors.” According to him, one of the key measures will be asset monetisation, while the others would be increasing the plugging of private resources into infrastructure, boosting public-private partnerships, and focusing on increasing disinvestment. He also surmised that India could be the first country worldwide that would develop at an unprecedented rate without any carbonisation.

Providing a very comprehensive overview of the economic outlook, the Chief Economic Adviser, Dr Anantha Nageswaran stated, “India’s bond yields are doing much better than those of others, which is indicative of the prevailing macroeconomic stability in India despite the opposite global trends.” He argued that the projections, including both the optimistic and pessimistic ones, should, however, be taken with some degree of scepticism because of the ‘unknown unknowns’”. “Among these ‘unknown unknowns’ are the central banking measures, which could lead to negative interest rates in Europe during the coming decade, stemming both from the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-08, and the impact of the pandemic and the response to it by the advanced economies,” he said.      

The NCAER Director General, Dr Poonam Gupta pointed out, “The global outlook is both challenging and uncertain, but the available high-frequency indicators that the NCAER Mid-Year Review has taken into account highlight the resilience of the Indian economy.” She also said that the worrying indicators globally were the rise in inflation in all advanced economies, policy tightening by the US Fed and other central banks, and softening of both global growth and global trade, which could impact the Indian economy too.

The IEPF Chair Professor, NCAER, Dr Mridul Saggar highlighted the need for maintaining macro-financial stability amid the sharp slowdown in global growth and tighter financial conditions expected next year on the back of further monetary tightening.